भारताचे सर्वोच्च न्यायालय (Supreme Court
of India)
विभागीय खंडपीठ (Division Bench)
ईशा भट्टाचार्जी – अपिलार्थी
वि.
रघुनाथपूर नफर अकादमीची व्यवस्थापकीय समिती आणि इतर – जाब देणार
(कोरम: मा. न्यायमुर्ती श्री. दिपक मिश्रा ; मा. न्यायमुर्ती श्री. अनिल आर. दवे)
दिवाणी अपील क्रमांक 2013 (8) SCC 8183-8184 (SLP (C) क्रमांक 24868-24869/ 2011 मधून उद्भवणारे)
निर्णय दिनांक: १३.९.२०१३
विलंबामागे हेतुपुरस्सरपणा
होता, असे कोणतेही गृहितक (Presumption) मांडले जाऊ शकत नाही; तथापि, वकील
किंवा पक्षकार यांच्याकडून झालेला 'घोर निष्काळजीपणा'
मात्र विचारात घेतला जाणे आवश्यक आहे.
Limitation Act, 1963. Section 5 — Condonation of Delay.While dealing with applications for condonation of delay, the
approach should be liberal, pragmatic, justice-oriented, and non-pedantic. Courts are not expected to legitimize injustice, but are bound
to redress injustice. Substantial justice is paramount and
should not be unreasonably or unjustifiably sacrificed merely to emphasize
technicalities.
No presumption can be
drawn regarding the intentional nature of the delay; however, gross negligence
on the part of the counsel or the litigant must be taken into consideration.
"पुरेसे कारण" (Sufficient Cause) ही
संज्ञा:
विलंब माफीसाठीच्या अर्जांवर विचार करताना उदार दृष्टिकोन
स्वीकारण्यावर विद्वान न्यायाधीशांनी भर दिला आहे. कारण
साधारणपणे,
अपील दाखल करण्यास विलंब केल्यामुळे कोणत्याही पक्षकाराचा (litigant) काहीही फायदा होत नाही. उलटपक्षी, विलंब माफ करण्यास नकार
दिल्यास, एखादे गुणवत्तेवर आधारित प्रकरण अगदी सुरुवातीच्या टप्प्यावरच फेटाळले
जाण्याचा आणि पर्यायाने न्यायदानाचे उद्दिष्टच निष्फळ ठरण्याचा धोका असतो.
The
expression "sufficient cause"
The
learned Judges emphasized on adoption of a liberal approach while dealing with the applications for condonation of
delay as ordinarily a litigant does not stand to benefit by lodging an appeal
late and refusal to condone delay can result in a meritorious matter being
thrown out at the very threshold and the cause of justice being defeated.
तसेच, विलंब हा हेतुपुरस्सर किंवा अक्षम्य
निष्काळजीपणामुळे झाला आहे,
असे गृहीत धरता येणार नाही आणि
तांत्रिक कारणांवरून अन्याय कायदेशीर ठरवणे न्यायालयाला अभिप्रेत नाही, अन्याय दूर
करणे हेच न्यायालयाचे कर्तव्य आहे असाही निर्णय देण्यात आला आहे.
It
was also ruled that there is no presumption that delay is occasioned deliberately
or on account of culpable negligence and that the courts are not supposed to
legalise injustice on technical grounds as it is the duty of the court to
remove injustice.
it
is true, no general principle saving the party from all mistakes of its
counsel. If there is negligence, deliberate or gross inaction or lack of bona
fide on the part of the party or its counsel there is no reason why the
opposite side should be exposed to a time-barred appeal. Each case will have to
be considered on the particularities of its own special facts.
जर न्यायालयाच्या असे निदर्शनास आले की, अर्जदाराच्या बाजूने कोणताही निष्काळजीपणा झालेला नाही आणि
विलंबासाठी दर्शविलेल्या कारणात सद्भावाचा अभाव नाही, तर न्यायालय सदर विलंब क्षमापित (condone) करू शकते.
याउलट, जर अर्जदाराने दिलेले स्पष्टीकरण हे केवळ मनघढंत/बनावट असल्याचे आढळले, किंवा आपला दावा पुढे चालवण्यात त्याने पूर्णपणे
निष्काळजीपणा दाखवला असेल, तर अशा परिस्थितीत विलंब क्षमापित न करणे हा न्यायालयाच्या विवेकाधिकाराचा एक
न्याय्य वापर ठरेल.
24. What colour the expression "sufficient cause" would
get in the factual matrix of a given case would largely depend on bona fide
nature of the explanation. If the court finds that there has been no negligence
on the part of the applicant and the cause shown for the delay does not lack
bona fides, then it may condone the delay. If, on the other hand, the
explanation given by the applicant is found to be concocted or he is thoroughly
negligent in prosecuting his cause, then it would be a legitimate exercise of discretion
not to condone the delay.
(i) विलंब क्षमापनाच्या अर्जाचा विचार करताना उदार, व्यवहार्य, न्याय-केंद्रित
आणि केवळ शब्दच्छल न करणारा दृष्टिकोन स्वीकारला जावा. कारण न्यायालयांचे कार्य अन्यायाला कायदेशीर
मान्यता देणे हे नसून, उलट अन्यायाचे निवारण करणे हे त्यांचे कर्तव्य
आहे.
The principles that can broadly be culled out are:
(i) There should be a liberal, pragmatic, justice-oriented,
non-pedantic approach while dealing with an application for condonation of
delay, for the courts are not supposed to legalise injustice but are obliged to
remove injustice.
(iii) ‘Substantial
justice’ being paramount and pivotal the
technical considerations should not be given undue and uncalled for emphasis.
(iv) No presumption can be attached to deliberate causation of
delay but, gross negligence on the part of the counsel or litigant is to be
taken note of.
(v) Lack of bona fides imputable to a party seeking condonation of
delay is a significant and relevant fact.
(vi) It is to be kept in mind that adherence to strict proof
should not affect public justice and cause public mischief because the courts
are required to be vigilant so that in the ultimate eventuate there is no real failure
of justice.
(vii) The concept of liberal approach has to encapsule the
conception of reasonableness and it cannot be allowed a totally unfettered free
play.
(viii) There is a distinction between inordinate delay and a delay
of short duration or few days, for to the former doctrine of prejudice is
attracted whereas to the latter it may not be attracted. That apart, the first one
warrants strict approach whereas the second calls for a liberal delineation.
(ix) The
conduct, behaviour and attitude of a party relating to its inaction or
negligence are relevant factors to be taken into consideration. It is so as the
fundamental principle is that the courts are required to weigh the scale of
balance of justice in respect of both parties and the said principle cannot be
given a total go by in the name of liberal approach.
(x) If the explanation offered is concocted or the grounds urged
in the application are fanciful, the courts should be vigilant not to expose
the other side unnecessarily to face such a litigation.
(xi) It is to be borne in mind that no one gets away with fraud,
misrepresentation or interpolation by taking recourse to the technicalities of
law of limitation.
(xii) The entire gamut of facts is to be carefully scrutinized and
the approach should be based on the paradigm of judicial discretion which is
founded on objective reasoning and not on individual perception.
(xiii) राज्यास, एखाद्या सार्वजनिक संस्थेस किंवा एखाद्या सामूहिक उद्देशाचे प्रतिनिधित्व
करणाऱ्या घटकास काही प्रमाणात स्वीकारार्ह मुभा दिली गेली पाहिजे.
(xiii) The State or a public body or an entity representing a
collective cause should be given some acceptable latitude.
(a) विलंब
क्षमापनासाठीचा अर्ज अत्यंत काळजीपूर्वक व गांभीर्याने तयार केला जावा.
तो कोणत्याही प्रकारे बेपर्वाईने किंवा उथळपणे तयार केला
जाऊ नये. केवळ 'विवादाचा निर्णय गुणवत्तेच्या आधारे होणे हे न्यायदान व्यवस्थेचे मूलभूत
तत्त्व आहे'
या एकाच आधारावर, न्यायालयांना विलंब
क्षमापन करणे बंधनकारकच आहे असा गैरसमज मनात बाळगून हा अर्ज केला जाऊ नये.
The
aforesaid principles we may add some more guidelines taking note of the present-day
scenario. They are:
(a)
An application for condonation of delay should be drafted with careful concern
and not in a half hazard manner harbouring the notion that the courts are
required to condone delay on the bedrock of the principle that adjudication of
a lis on merits is seminal to justice dispensation system.
(b)
An application for condonation of delay should not be dealt with in a routine
manner on the base of individual philosophy which is basically subjective.
(c)
Though no precise formula can be laid down regard being had to the concept of
judicial discretion, yet a conscious effort for achieving consistency and
collegiality of the adjudicatory system should be made as that is the ultimate
institutional motto.
(d)
The increasing tendency to perceive delay as a non-serious matter and, hence,
lackadaisical propensity can be exhibited in a non-challant manner requires to
be curbed, of course, within legal parameters.
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